The writing styles are presented in chronological order
(from the 2nd century BC to the present time).

1. ROMAN CAPITALS

Built-up capitals, capitalis quadrata and rustica are the styles from the Antiquity. A "MUST" for all calligraphers, these letters can be combined with all other forms of writing.

2. UNCIALS

The Greek-influenced style of capital letters popular during the early centuries of Christianity. They are sharp, energetic and very functional.

3. INSULAR MINUSCULE

The first minuscule formal writing, which appeared in the 6th century. This original, graceful and condensed style was brought to the continent by the Irish missionaries.

4. MEROVINGIAN

This Continental writing is derived from the Insular stlyle. A mysterious letterfrom a forgotten era, it opens a new world of artistic expression.

5. CAROLINGIAN

The winner of the cultural renaissance of the 8th and 9th centuries. Some of the most famous manuscripts have been produced with this clear letterform.

6. 12th CENTURY COMPRESSED FORM

This writing style has a particularly visually pleasing appeal : the density of letters and their attractive shapes emphasize its artistic qualities.

7. GOTHIC TEXTURA

Called "black letter" because of the predominance of black strokes, these powerful and luxurious letters were popular from the 13th century.

8. BASTARDA

The fashionable script of Renaissance Europe, popular in France, Holland and all Germanic regions. Sensuous and graceful, it will heighten your calligraphic skills.

9. ROTUNDA

This is the Gothic writing style of southern Europe, used primarily in Spain and Italy. Handsome, stylish and cultivated, it is very easy to read.

10. ITALIＣ

This is the refined and rythmic style of the Italian scribes. Extremely versatile and adaptable, it is an essential tool for today's calligrapher.

11. FOUNDATIONAL

Developed by the 20th-century master calligrapher Edward Johnston from the Carolingian style of writing, this is a basic bookhand, noble and elegant, perfect for multi-purpose applications.

12. GOTHICIZED ITALIC

The original writing of the 20th century. Splendid, aristocratic and sensuous, it also represents the energetic spirit of today's calligraphers.

13. 20TH C. GERMAN GOTHIC

This style of "fraktur" is popular today   in the Germanic regions and widely used by German, Austrian and Swiss calligraphers. These strong letters will add drama and a sense of power to the page.

14. ITALIC CAPITAL

This particular modern version is popular among graphic designers.

CALLIGRAPHY BY MURIEL GAGGINI